What Shakespeare Taught Me About Marxism

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/02/sharkespeare-marxism-feudalism-capitalism

What Shakespeare taught me about Marxism

Paul Mason

Without knowing the terms, he described the collapse of feudalism and
the emergence of early capitalism


Sunday 2 November 2014 15.00 EST

If you could watch Shakespeare’s history plays back-to-back, starting
with King John and ending with Henry VIII, it would, at first sight,
be like an HBO drama series without a central plot: murders, wars and
mayhem, all set within an apparently meaningless squabble between
kings and dukes.

But once you understand what a “mode of production” is the meaning
becomes clear. What you are watching is the collapse of feudalism and
the emergence of early capitalism.

The mode of production is one of the most powerful ideas to come out
of Marxist economics: it was prefigured by Adam Smith, who divided
economic history into “modes of subsistence”, but in the hands of Marx
himself, and subsequent historians who took a materialist viewpoint,
it has shaped our view of the past.

Feudalism was an economic system based on obligation: peasants were
obliged to hand part of their produce to the landowner and do military
service for him; he in turn was obliged to provide the king with
taxes, and supply an army on demand.

But in the England of Shakespeare’s history plays, the mainspring of
the system has broken down. By the time Richard III was slaughtering
his extended family in real life, the whole power network based on
obligation had been polluted by money: rents paid in money, military
service paid for with money, wars fought with the aid of a
cross-border banking network stretching to Florence and Amsterdam.

Once you accept that feudalism existed, and capitalism does, there’s a
big academic debate about what caused the collapse of feudalism and
the rise of capitalism. Shakespeare managed to get to the essence of
it without having knowledge of the terms feudalism and capitalism.
Feudalism was a word invented to describe medieval society once it was
over, by 17th century historians. As for capitalism, Shakespeare had
seen only the earliest form of it, yet he described it well.

In the comedies and tragedies – which are about the contemporary
society the audience lived in – we are suddenly in a world of bankers,
merchants, companies, mercenary soldiers and republics. The typical
place in these plays is a prosperous trading city, not a castle. The
typical hero is a person whose greatness is essentially bourgeois
self-made, either through courage (Othello), humanist philosophy
(Hamlet and Prospero) or knowledge of the law (Portia in The Merchant
of Venice).


But Shakespeare had no clue about where this was going to lead. He saw
and described what a society that could print books, sail to the
Americas, chart the heavens accurately was doing to the human
character: empowering us with knowledge, yet leaving us susceptible to
greed, passion, self-doubt and power-craziness on a scale unknown by
the peasants and serfs of feudal Europe. Another 150 years would pass
until merchant capitalism, based on trade, conquest and slavery, would
give birth to industrial capitalism.

For this reason, whenever I want to stop myself being too Marxist, I
think about Shakespeare. Armed with a few history books and a profound
humanism, he described the society around him with peerless insight,
and tried to explain to his audience how they’d got there.

If you interrogate Shakespeare through his texts, and ask, what is
different between the past and now, the implicit answer is “ideas”.
Human beings value each other more; love is more important than family
duty; human values like truth, science and justice are worth dying for
far more than race or nation.

So Shakespeare is a great witness to the moment when one mode of
production succeeds another.

But we also need Marx. In a materialist view of history, what’s
different between feudalism and early merchant capitalism is not just
“ideas”. Social relations have changed. The market has begun to
dictate how society functions. And at root, the change is driven by
new technologies.

For Marx the “modes of production” concept led to a strict historical
sequence: various pre-capitalist forms of society, where the rich get
rich through legally authorised violence; then capitalism, where the
rich get rich through technical innovation and the market; then you
get communism, where the whole of humanity gets richer, morally and
economically because there is abundance instead of scarcity.

We know the original route to phase three, pursued in the Soviet
Union, didn’t work. But if we avoid mysticism, and assert simply that
there must come a time when there is relative abundance, compared to
the scarcity that has driven all previous economic models, then Marx
is saying the same thing as John Maynard Keynes said in the 1930s: one
day there will be enough goods to go around and the “economic problem”
will be solved.

What use is the mode of production concept today, with the neoliberal
model of capitalism shattered, but nothing to take its place? Well,
try describing the situation as a modern Shakespeare might: there’s a
great upheaval in social life. The modern Venice is the digital world,
where people create and recreate realities for themselves in their
social lives with an unprecedented level of freedom – which states and
security apparatuses spend much time trying to curtail.

The modern merchant of this Venice is not part of the elite: he or she
is the “pro-sumer” – the person who lets their apartment out on Airbnb
or keeps a store on eBay.

As to the economic mainspring: the one that ran capitalism has wound
down. Populations are ageing; we’ll soon be a whole northern
hemisphere of Poloniuses. Productivity growth has declined. But
alongside the ailing economy measured by GDP and turnover, there is
another one, in which people create and exchange things freely. Only
the existence of unparalleled tech monopolies, dedicated to preventing
the abundance of free information, stops large amounts of the basic
commodity of our age – information – being free.

Put it like this and it is not hard to see the possibility of a
“post-capitalist” era – although the inability to see a path to it is
what blights all modern social movements. Like Shakespeare, we may be
at such an early stage of it that its final form cannot be discerned,
but in the modern life of the networked individual we are seeing
avatars of a future society just as clearly as the great protagonists
in Shakespeare prefigured what greatness would look like in a market
system.

Paul Mason is economics editor of Channel 4 News. His book
Postcapitalism: A guide to our future is published by Penguin in
spring 2015