Harbin’s displaced and anti-Semitic Belarus fascists saw an opportunity come, to become immediately attached to the Japanese military police , to set up the so-called ” Russia and France Party,” the purpose of which was to destroy the Jews in Harbin . They planned a series of kidnappings, murders, blackmail , mainly against Jewish businessmen . One who was kidnapped and murdered , was a large central pharmacy boss Kauffman , along with Chinese merchants like Mu Wei tang .
The most famous kidnapping was called the ” Semyon Kasi Pu kidnapping .” In August , a Jewish youth from the French pianist Semyon Kasi Pu, who was in normal studies in Kazakhstan, and was kidnapped by Belarus fascists who extorted 300,000 in ransom from his father but failed as he was tragically killed , causing arrests but the murderer eventually acquitted.
Abraham Kaufman , in the face of these circumstances, could not help but feel grief from the heart : for their own and their compatriots , he said I am afraid to face an unavoidable catastrophe.
The facts confirmed Kaufman’s concerns , a rush by the Japanese , to acquire Jewish enterprises and property for Japanese homes. Burning and looting against Jews occurred many repeatedly raped , many Jewish families continued to flee the city to Shanghai or other China cities ; a few people even preferred the Japanese to going back to the Soviet Union did not want Japanese to stay in control on the site . Two thousand years of suffering experienced by the Jews , it was as if the cycle of persecution was back, everything seemed doomed.
However, contrary to all expectations, as if overnight, the Japanese transformed from the devil to become an angel , and suddenly the Jews were treated extremely friendly and in sentimental Harmony .
”
Your enemy . “
Change began in 1934 , the Japanese Ministry of Foreign publications of the steel magnate Ayukawa or righteousness mediated article: ” An Invitation to Fifty Thousand German Jews to the ‘Manchukuo’ “Plan “. The article was published in Japan and the Jewish community publications gave highlights , that Japan ‘s response has been very positive, .Ayukawa justice referrals in writing not accidental , and in fact, are released tentative trial balloons.
Prior to this, that the Japanese met frequently is clear: with Takahashi , vice president of the Bank of Japan, the South Manchurian Railway Company CEO Yosuke Matsuoka , deputy chief of staff Ishihara Kanji Kwantung Army , the Army chief of staff , Itagaki Seishiro in secret meeting , and in repeated interviews, An Jiangxian Hong , Inuzuka , Higuchi Kiichiro and other young guard figures to discuss the core issue about the “Manchukuo Plan ,” subject always to new approaches to the Jews above . The article , in fact, spoke of gangs of Japanese “Manchukuo ” factions powerful figures , a giant business community , as well as ” Jewish experts ” producing a common concocted product.
“Manchukuo “, rich in minerals and raw materials , the vast land , of huge untapped space , was always coveted by the Japanese . The Japanese launched the Russo-Japanese War against Russia , the purpose was to obtain the area under the control of the majority of the Czar and empty land in Northeast China . 1929, after the impact of the international economic collapse , the ensuing worldwide Great Depression , conditions made decision-making Tokyo more eager to get “Manchukuo ” and thus save the crisis . Which is also why the most powerful voices of the Kwantung Army, undoubtedly those most urgent ” Manchurian faction”, advocated a return to traditional ways , requiring expansion in mainland China , the first step of which was to capture the “Manchukuo ” to establish an expansion base.
But to grab “Manchukuo “, the Japanese found themselves faced with the problem of how to develop “Manchukuo .” The first problem was the lack of funds from the depression era, with few countries spared of difficulties . This was followed by resettlement problems also encountered , however, inducements, as the remainder of the population in Japan did not want to become immigrants in ” Manchuria “. Finally, the Japan to China invasion , actually had broken the monopoly interests of the West in China , which caused the West to subject Japan collective isolation and exclusion, making Japanese diplomacy difficult.
At this point, the Japanese came up with the step “living chess” – Jews.
In the Japanese mind, “the Jews ” were synonymous with wealth , this impression gained from the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. Jewish Giant Jiayekebo broke her husband out of Tsar Nicholas II jail driven by hate and intent to murder the Jews , did a total of $ 20 million fund-raising for sponsorship of the Japanese army , the already difficult situation of the Japanese finally having defeated the mighty Russia . Since entering the ranks of the world’s military powers, the Japanese frankly without the break-out with the help of her husband , there would have been no Japanese victory .
In addition , the Jews were portrayed by the fascist anti-Semites with influence on the Japanese, to have a special status in the United States , with the U.S. government supposedly basically dominated by the Jews behind the scenes , in economics, law, media and all the more critical areas by the Jews to grasp the lifelines of society. If we can win the goodwill of the Jews and even their support , the Japanese thought that in the United States and the world ‘s diplomatic arenas their dilemmas would be improved, so Japan could concentrate on dealing with it the number one imaginary enemy the Soviet Union.
Also, the European anti-Semitic activities intensified , a large number of Jews with specialized knowledge, technology, capital were forced to leave their homes , and were willing to accept that their country is not worth much. If the Japanese can get these people to ” Manchuria ” to develop energy and other activities, ” Manchuria ” wold no longer a problem , but this plan was more to enhance the image of Japanese in diplomacy , erected as a two-edged ” humanitarian nation ” banner to offer refuge to Jews.
Of course, in joyful moods, Inuzuka but did not forget to remind his partners re : “Jews are like puffer fish, delicious, but extremely toxic . Cooked well, it can satisfy their appetites ; slight slip , the one eating will be put to death .” Insidious myths about the Jews is that they were plotting to seize the world , and the Japanese believed that.
Thus, the so-called ” puffer fish program ” was quietly introduced, with only a few Japanese in the know. While the Japanese claimed to the Jews and the outside world , they only pledged to accept the European Jews fleeing to “Manchukuo ” with settlements set up for them to highlight Japan’s “humanitarian caring warmth”.
Japanese brutality upon entering the Harbin nearly forced out the Qi Cheng Jews . Puffer fish program planners came to understand: To smooth the implementation of the program , they must re-do Harbin, and turn even “Manchukuo ” into a Jewish paradise. An Jiangxian Hong was responsible for the matter , he repeatedly visited Harbin Jewish community , building friendships with Kaufman . He showed a very sincere attitude , not officious : never took the initiative to help solve the Jewish problem , but when the Jews requested , would not hesitate to help the matter to become fully resolved. Thus many Jews will believe the Japanese are really changed , while others are skeptical , and would be happy to help things along – who now make life difficult things to their advantage.
Life finally returned to calm , but thinking of the much suffering in Europe and what suffering of compatriots , Kaufman did not meet . We have no way of knowing when he was facing the Japanese, his state of mind, what hospitality was he truly grateful for , or was he being be used, was it as he intended, or both ? To be sure , he thought, he must seize this opportunity to cooperate with the Japanese , life and death to those caught in the same situation, and with his mountain of Zion ‘s people who have a way of survival . And did he think about the same life and death struggle against the Japanese under the iron heel and of the suffering of another nation, whether this piece of paradise has been soaked in blood and tears of the suffering of the nation ? History and complexity of human nature at this intersection, died and passed away , ma’am , moral judgment in fact is so fragile .
Zionist dream break
Text / white Westcoast
” Zionist dream” With the ups and downs until the needs of the Japanese burst, they were only to find that the Jews , are collateral still in the world’s political and military rivalries. Everything seemed to follow the Japanese plan after it came.
In 1937, the Harbin Jewish community composition in the Far East , led by Kaufman’s Jewish council , at the Diel Hotel, convened the first meeting of the Far East Jewish community , including representatives of Harbin , Shanghai , Kobe and three Jews counting more than 700 people , An Giang Sin Hirokazu Higuchi Kiichiro said by observers. The Jewish leaders did not let them down, they passed a public resolution :
“We announce that we enjoy and join under the national laws of racial equality and fairness , and with Japan and the ” Manchukuo “, to cooperate to establish a new order in Asia , we will provide common religious and economic requirements to help . ”
“Asia’s Israel .”
Kaufman and security Jiangxian Hong had become close friends at this time , they would often ride together and from luxury express train between Harbin and Dalian . 1938 and 1939 , they co- convened two Far Eastern Jewish community meetings.
In contrast, a more critical meeting is held in Tokyo at the end of 1938 of the ” five ministers meeting .” The Minister of opinion is not consistent with all the participants , while the focus of debate , including whether they should cooperate with the Jews , and whether the settlements should be located in Harbin or Shanghai ( the former site of the Army , which is the Navy’s site ) , also includes as well, how to deal with Germany, United States on this issue, and the delicate relationships . After lengthy negotiations and bargaining, a thoughtful Xiangmi planning book had finally been published . Jews have become the Japanese puffer fish dish – after removal of toxins , very delicious .
” Puffer fish plan ” after the official implementation .
The Japanese had increasingly close cooperation with the Jews , until May 1939, Kaufman was invited to visit Japan is to reach agreements. Kaufman ‘s stay in Japan a for a month , included visits to the Cabinet provinces, each time being given gracious hospitality. Kaufman expressed on various occasions his desire to get a lot of “Manchukuo ” for and area for Jewish feelings opportunities, and in one place after another heard the Japanese issue a “Friendly Voice .” Not until when he got back to Harbin, before he was awarded the medal of the ” Empire ,” and even a Japanese citizen , has little chance to get this medal, and is for foreigners is rare.
Not only in Harbin , the Japanese plan also included Shanghai . In 1937 the Japanese captured Shanghai , which gave the ” puffer fish plan” planners great encouragement. Shanghai was inhabited by about 4700 Middle East Jews , many of whom were Shanghai richest and most powerful families and individuals , such as real estate magnate Sierra斯·哈same , Matheson boss Victor Sassoon Sassoon , the family of Abraham , Kadoorie family , etc., Shanghai financial Exchange chairman and 99 members in the Middle East more than a third are Jews.
Inuzuka put heavy security Jiangxian Hong and Japanese Consul General Ishiguro Shiro who saw opportunities, to take advantage of the wealth of the Jews , then parked in the Bund in Japan, a ten thousand tons battleship ” Izumo “, in a conspiracy against any countermeasures; said heavy Inuzuka bluntly: ” If the Jews do not cooperate with us , then let them hang . ”
After re- Inuzuka, set out to establish contact with the European Jewish community , to set up paying off in early 1939 , by the Japanese , Chinese, European and Middle Eastern Jews the co-financing of the Pacific trade company. The company was founded for much larger purposes than the economic significance of the symbolic meaning : it is the first time publicly that the Japanese began to cooperate with the Jewish Zionists . Another exciting thing to Inuzuka : Victor Sassoon accepted his invitation to a banquet , which indicated that the Japanese have been accepted by the Shanghai Jewish upper class .
Developments went so smoothly , Inuzuka , wanted to build on the progress , concocted a confidential report “on the introduction of the Jewish funding of research and analysis ” This 90- page document includes not only the absorption of Shanghai and other means of financing by wealthy Jews , and even plans to dominate public opinion in the United States, including inviting a Jewish journalist who went to Japan for positive coverage , inviting Hollywood studios to shoot the Japanese in Shanghai treating Jewish refugees in movies , but also in Japan and the U.S. , Jewish religion and Shinto have exchange visits . However, the core content of the report or the establishment of Jewish refugees residence , Ann Jiangxian Hong called ” Asia Israel .”
The details of the plan leaked immediately; An Giang advocated the establishment in ” Manchuria ” , what advocates like Inuzuka built in Shanghai suburbs, but no matter what kind of choice: ” Jewish plutocrats must act according to our requirements and conditions to allow the construction of new Jewish autonomous towns …… not obstruct a good way …… shall take steps to make our official supervision and are behind our position . ”
At the same time , in order to meet ” puffer fish plan” and to implement it , Japan has changed the immigration visa policy . Established Jewish communities in Kobe , Japan , specializing in Eastern European refugee acceptance come from the Jews. In Lithuania , the Japanese consul in Lithuania, Sugihara, ached for Jewish refugees in transit visa and issued more than 6,000 , according to Heilongjiang Daily reporter had an insight in the ” traitor or ” Schindler ” ,” a research paper , and ” Manchukuo ” National Zhude legation clerk for the husband of the king issued more than 12,000 Jews transit visa are also all relevant facts .
From 1935 to 1940 , the situation looked as if in accordance with the development plan in implementation in an orderly manner . But for the Jews an unexpected turning was imminent.
Quirk of fate
Following 1936 Japan and Germany signed defense agreements and after 1938 and reached a so-called ” cultural agreement .” From August 1939 , Japan began to strictly limit the Jewish refugees in Shanghai . In addition , the Japanese military police beatings and intimidation of Shanghai Jewish refugees also occurred .
The real turning point occurred in 1940 . Tojo took office as Minister of the Army , the actual control of the Japanese military and political power . Tojo soon as he took office, to take to safety Jiangxian Hong surgery, An Giang was removed from all his posts , Sugihara acres were forced to leave Lithuania. Meanwhile, Japan formally with Germany and Italy, set up three military alliance . Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka Tokyo rushed to comfort Kaufman on the question of their alliance : although signed with Germany , but not anti-Semitic .
Kaufman left worried, he began to realize the prospects for cooperation with the Japanese was not wonderful . The image of Jews in in the words of the Japanese banter seemed quite reasonable : the Japanese like God , are completely unpredictable .
In fact, Japan was not the vagaries of being unpredictable; the reason for this is the result of many factors . On the one hand , American Jews did not like the envisioned “Asian Israel” so actively refused to cooperate with the supposed American Financial Group and did not invest a single penny to fishing .
In 1938, “Manchukuo ” Jewish businessman Leo Qike Man wrote to American Jewish organizations and Zionist world leader Stephen Weiss and asserted ” the Japanese right ‘ Manchurian ‘ treat Jews quite fair ,” Weiss replied bluntly : ” I think for Jews to support the Japanese is a complete depravity . ”
That sentence blocked all possibility of cooperation . On the other hand , Hitler put pressure regularly to the Japanese government on their behavior and flirting with Jews and expressed that he was very unhappy , which caused great distress to the Japanese government .
Caught in Chinese battlefield quagmire , unable to extricate themselves in Japan , and coupled with the Soviet threat , the Zionists were naturally afraid to offend another big country the United States. However, if the disposition is not to act in accordance with the requirements of the German Jews , Japanese , already felt very isolated in the international environment that would become more severe , which Japan did not want to see. Thus the ” puffer fish plan ” would still be advancing little in practical terms, but the Japanese did not reveal what was in their hearts.
Finally, the Japanese an opportunity to spit out Jewish grievances had arrived. As the layers of the German forces advanced into the Soviet Union , the victory seemed to be just a matter of time; Japan seemed to no longer to worry about global opinion or isolation. December 7, 1941 morning came , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor , the Japanese also captured Shanghai and all the foreign concessions . Jewish suffering would come again .
Inuzuka but heavy, ” puffer fish plan” one initiator , in the shortest time aboard Victor Sassoon tall office buildings worth millions of pounds , loudly declared: ” From now on this is my property , all of you must comply with Japanese policy . …… times have changed, we want to take with you afterwards …… . ”
Inuzuka such a gaffe because: With the declaration of war , his past experience in dealing with the Jews , he paid attention , sweat , his achievements have become meaningless.Inuzuka blame the Jews do not work hard to communicate with the United States , they should have persuaded Roosevelt recognized Japan ‘s domination of the East , Roosevelt, I do not do the Jews ? Is not that the ” puffer fish program ” purposes do ?
Inuzuka expected nothing wrong , Pearl Harbor , the Japanese Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo declared: “The five ministers suspend the implementation of resolutions of the meeting . Jews are no longer privileged .”
Department of the Army announced: ” Jews must be made to live in strict supervision …… rebels should be suppressed .” Whereby wealthy Middle Eastern Jews were taken to the special camps , while the rest of the more than ten thousand Jewish refugees, in the press the so-called ” eight Koichi woo” principles to “protect” up.
Jews did not gain any value , because they never knew the so-called ” puffer fish plan “, so on their own, overnight, went from an equal footing with the Japanese to prisoner; the shift not quite suited to them . But an even more tragic fate was still waiting for them.
With the outbreak of war in the Pacific , the shipping industry to stop operating , depending on the import and export trade of Shanghai’s economy, business suffered a fatal blow , most companies went bust , also survived the Japanese reception ( just as they do in Harbin as the year ) . Relief funds from the United States were greatly reduced , the Jewish Distribution Committee was even more common in the months after Pearl Harbor and completely cut announced relief of Jewish refugees in Shanghai .
This is just the beginning, more terrible disaster is followed.
In 1942, the German Gestapo Mei Xinge arrived in Shanghai , bringing so-called ” final solution ” (final solution). The program aimed at extinction in China of all Jews : While on the Jewish New Year ‘s Day , the arrest of all the Jews took place in the synagogue , and they were either stripped naked tied them in the boat and let it drift at sea starved to death, and then chisel the wreck Huishimieji or be banished to the salt mines to dig salt , with the lowest amount of nutrients to extract the maximum amount of labor ; also to establish a concentration camp , with the Jews used as subjects for medical experiments .
Mei Xinge was enthused to introduce their programs : :”I have met with a tribute called Shibata, a Japanese diplomat , who has a conscience and does not obliterate the Japanese , Mei Xinge program let him crawl, determined to have even risked treason to promptly notify the Jews. The Shanghai Jewish Council promptly notify the Harbin Jewish leaders Kaufman , Kaufman and through security Jiangxian Hong Yosuke Matsuoka, of the influence of the Japanese Government , and ultimately that Tokyo had ratified the “Final Solution .”
But the Japanese were not good-hearted; the disclosure of the Jews during World War II having Japanese secret contacts and with the history of the ” puffer fish plan ” spread in writing they did not want; they said to the Jews : ” How do you live is another matter, I have originally been sent to take your head, now at I must at least take one arm . ”
Soon, the Japanese army came with the establishment of a Jewish Hongkou District , all the Jews throughout the Diaspora were concentrated now, to be closely monitored. The so-called ghetto , the actual distance between the two walls is a slightly larger prison Bale.
In the winter of 1943-1944 , Shanghai ‘s temperature dropped to the lowest in centuries . Coal and electricity supply were completely interrupted , the Jews sold all of their thick clothing in exchange for food, now only dressed in sacks or anything cold. More and more people were begging , prostitution was significant in increase in the number of women , newborns were forced to be given it away , the men have nothing to do. For many of the Jewish males, living by charity or support of the family by his wife , was worse than killing him . The most serious was that, even so , most people still rely on picking Lancai skin to make ends meet . The entire ghetto was shrouded in an atmosphere of restlessness and despair , suicides were common.
In this way, these long-term political and military rivalries made the world ‘s poor people collateral , gradually becoming completely numb , no future, no hope , their world only 4000 square feet of Jewish settlements , and their only desire to just each whatever meal one can eat. German killing expelled them , the Japanese combat teams tortured them , and even the United States had abandoned their Jewish compatriots –with compatriots Harbin itself is no guarantee — all the reality , Kaufman may have regretted it, that he had all this time given the Japanese cooperation as they acted completely contrary to their original stated intentions .
Dreaming of Zion
“Hope” in 1945 appeared again. War against Japan had turned out unfavorable for the Japanese who then again mentioned the ” puffer fish plan” entirely in order to curry favor with the United States to fight the armistice . Special Envoy of the Japanese government and the Jewish physician Carl Qiongte Man ran negotiations , hoping that he could convince the American Jewish community to exert influence on the Roosevelt administration , so as to achieve the purposes of the armistice talks , in return, from Shanghai twenty thousand Jewish refugees would be allowed to emigrate to “Manchukuo ” to establish their ” Jewish State .”
Facing life in the Shanghai area in general, compatriots Qiongte Man without the slightest hesitation, immediately wrote to Weiss, Weiss ‘s answer was still categorical : “American Jewish Congress, the State Council will not approve any negotiations with Japan .”
The dreams of the Jews in China ‘s to founding a Jewish State in China were shattered . As a Zionist Organization’s main founder , Abraham Kaufman , taken by the Soviet Red Army in 1945 stationed in Harbin, after being escorted back to the Soviet Union , was imprisoned in戈罗捷格沃prison , after the switch of prisoners in concentration camps , etc. A Zanca several prisons , until 1961 , before being allowed to move to Israel. He fought back the soul of the country most of his life . ( Original title : ” puffer fish” Death _ – Jews in China of the ” Zionist ” Secret History , Author : White Wai Chi )
ttp://history.sina.com.cn/bk/sjs/2013-09-27/160555370.shtml
“河豚鱼”之死：犹太人在华的复国秘史
1938年12月5日，东京。应陆军大臣板垣征四郎要求，日本首相近卫文麿、外务大臣有田八郎、海军大臣米内光政、大藏大臣兼通商产业大臣池田成彬，齐集一堂，举行内阁会议。会议在极端保密的情况下讨论到深夜，多方争论不休，最后终以典型的东方人的方式达成共识。一个代号“河豚鱼”的计划正式出炉。计划的核心内容是，日本将与在华犹太人合作，以帮助犹太人在哈尔滨完成“复国梦”的条件，换取犹太人对日本战争的资金支持。苦难的开始从19世纪后半叶开始，大批在俄国遭受迫害的犹太人流亡到中国，逐步聚居到哈尔滨。到20世纪20年代初，哈尔滨的犹太人增至两万余人，约占全市总人口的二十分之一。大批金融、工商、律师、医生、文化、艺术界犹太精英的到来，也迅速推进了哈尔滨的发展。这个原本是小渔村的地方，在短短的数十年间，已变成了与京、津、沪、杭相媲美的大城市。颠沛流离的犹太人，历经种种苦难，终于在遥远的东方，获得了一个相对宁静的角落。但这种暂时的平静，被日本人的入侵彻底改变了。
1932年7月起，滂沱大雨连下27天，松花江水暴涨，江堤决口，市区全部被淹，到处一片汪洋。一时银行停业、商户关门、电话断绝，整个哈尔滨变成了一座水中孤城。道外、道里区十余万罹于洪灾的难民蜂拥至南岗、香坊等高地，大多露宿于乡间田野，衣衫单薄、无一物覆盖者多矣。风雨中，啼饥呼寒之声不绝于耳，其状惨不忍睹。
犹太人社区在犹太社团的组织下，成立了救护队，对难民进行紧急救助。8月末，洪水渐退，然而虎列拉、猩红热、白喉、麻疹等传染病又大规模爆发。犹太社区又组织医生考夫曼等五人参加哈市防治霍乱小组，对灾民进行救治。
天灾尚可应付，但人祸则完全力不从心，从某种意义上来说，天灾正是人祸之结果与反映。
是年2月5日，日军多门第二师团攻占哈尔滨。日军进城之后，烧杀抢掠，外来侨民亦不得幸免。犹太人因为其经济实力雄厚，更成为日本人眼中的肥肉，很快日军便“接收”了大批犹太企业商号。
哈尔滨的白俄流民看到机会来临，立刻依附于日本宪兵队，成立所谓“俄国法西斯党”，宗旨就是要消灭哈尔滨的犹太人。他策划了一系列绑票杀人勒索案，主要针对犹太富商。被绑架并且撕票的，有中央大药房的老板科夫曼，以及中国大商人穆蔚堂等。
其中最著名的绑架案是所谓“谢苗·卡斯普绑架案”。8月，犹太青年钢琴家谢苗·卡斯普从法国学成归哈，被白俄法西斯分子绑架，向其父勒索30万赎金未果而惨遭杀害，引起群情激奋，但凶手最终无罪释放。
亚伯拉罕·考夫曼，面对此情此景，不由得悲从心来：自己和自己的同胞，恐怕要面临一场无法避免的浩劫。
事实仿佛正在印证考夫曼的担忧，犹太人的企业一家接一家被日本人抢收，住宅和建筑物被日本人占为己有。针对犹太人的烧杀抢奸屡屡发生，很多犹太家庭陆续逃离这座城市，到上海或者其他中国城市，少数人甚至宁可回苏联也不愿待在日本人控制的地盘上。两千多年来犹太人经历的苦难，仿佛又轮回回来了，一切似乎都是在劫难逃。
然而，出乎所有人意料的是，仿佛就在一夜之间，日本人从魔鬼变成了天使，突然对犹太人极为友善，温情脉脉一团和气。
“
化敌为友”
变化始于1934年，日本外交刊物上刊登了钢铁大王鲇川义介的文章《一项邀请五万德国犹太人来“满洲国”的计划》，该文在日本出版界和犹太人刊物上被重点推介，日本国内的反应相当积极。鲇川义介撰写此文并非偶然，其实是放出了一只试探性的气球。
在此之前，他频频与日本银行副总裁高桥是清、南满铁路株式会社总裁松冈洋右、关东军副参谋长石原莞尔、陆军参谋长板垣征四郎等人举行秘密会晤，以及多次会见安江仙弘、犬塚惟重、樋口喜一郎等少壮派人物，讨论的核心问题是关于“满洲”的建设问题，话题时常转到犹太人上面。而这篇文章，其实是这帮日本“满洲”派实权人物、工商企业界巨子，以及“犹太问题专家”共同炮制的产物。
“满洲”丰富的矿藏和原料、广袤的土地、尚未开发的巨大空间，这些都被日本觊觎已久。当年日本对沙俄发动日俄战争，目的就是为了取得沙皇控制下的广大而空旷的中国东北土地。1929年国际性经济崩溃冲击之后，随之而来的世界性大萧条，使得东京决策层更加渴望得到“满洲”，从而解救危机。这其中实力最强大也是呼声最迫切的当属关东军“满洲派”，他们力主回归传统方式，要求在大陆扩张，第一步便是攻占“满洲”，建立扩张基地。
如愿抢得“满洲”之后，日本人才发现自己面临的问题是如何开发“满洲”。首先是资金缺乏，在经济萧条的年代，很少有国家能够幸免此难；其次是移民工作遇到难题，无论如何劝诱，日本国内的剩余人口也不愿移民“满洲”；最后，日本对中国的入侵，实际已经打破了西方在中国利益的垄断格局，这引起西方国家对日本的集体性孤立和排斥，日本外交举步维艰。
此时，日本人想出了一步“活棋”——犹太人。
在日本人心目中，“犹太人”是财富的代名词，这一印象来自1904年日俄战争。犹太巨贾耶柯勃·歇夫出于对沙皇尼古拉二世虐杀犹太人的仇恨，先后四次筹款共计2000万美元赞助日本军队，本已陷入窘境的日本最终打败了不可一世的沙俄，从此迈入世界军事强国行列。日本人坦言：没有歇夫的帮助，就没有日本的胜利。
此外，犹太人在美国拥有特殊地位，美国的政府基本被犹太人在幕后把持，经济、法律、媒体各关键领域更是全由犹太人掌握命脉。如果能博得犹太人的好感乃至支持，日本在美国乃至世界上的外交窘境就会好转，从而可以集中力量对付它的头号假想敌苏联。
还有，欧洲排犹活动愈演愈烈，大批有知识、有技术、有资金的犹太人被迫背井离乡，而肯接纳他们的国家并不多。如果能将这些人弄到“满洲”来，发挥他们的能量，开发“满洲”就不再是难题，而此举更能提升日本的外交形象，树起一柄“人道主义国家”的大旗。
当然，在欣喜同时，犬塚惟重不忘提醒自己的伙伴：犹太人就像河豚鱼，鲜美，但是含有剧毒。烹调得好，可以大饱口福；稍有闪失，将被置于死地。传说中犹太人阴险狡诈，他们在密谋夺取世界，日本人对此深信不疑。
于是，所谓“河豚鱼计划”悄然出台，了解内情的，只有前述几个日本人。而日本人对犹太人和外界所宣称的，仅是表示要接纳欧洲逃难犹太人来“满洲”，为他们设立定居点，以彰显日本人道主义关怀之温情。
日军初入哈尔滨的野蛮行径，逼走了差不多七成的犹太人。河豚鱼计划的策划者们明白：要顺利实施计划，必须重新将哈尔滨乃至“满洲”变为犹太人的天堂。负责此事的是安江仙弘，他多次拜访哈尔滨犹太社区，与考夫曼建立友谊。他表现的态度极为真诚，又不过分殷勤：绝不主动帮助犹太人解决问题，但当犹太人提出请求时，便义无反顾全力解决。如此一来二去，很多犹太人便相信了日本人是真的改变了，而另一些心存疑惑的，也乐得顺水推舟——谁会跟对自己有利的东西过不去呢？
生活终于回归平静，然而想起远在欧洲正遭受磨难的同胞，考夫曼并未满足。我们已无从得知他当时面对日本人的殷勤是何般心境，是真心感激，还是加以利用，拟或兼而有之？可以肯定的是，他必须抓住这个机会，与日本人合作，给那些陷于生死关头的与他同根同源的锡安山下的子民们一条生存的路。而他是否想到同样在日寇铁蹄下生死挣扎的另一个苦难的民族，是否想到脚下这片乐土已经浸透那个苦难民族的血泪？历史与人性的复杂性在此交汇，斯人已逝，往事如烟，道德判断其实是那么脆弱不堪。
复国梦破
文/ 白伟志
“复国梦”随着日本人的需要而沉浮直至破灭，犹太人才发现，自己仍然不过是世界政治和军事角逐的抵押品。
一切仿佛按照日本人的计划来了。
1937年，哈尔滨犹太社区组成以考夫曼为首的远东犹太人评议会，年底在马迭尔旅馆召开了第一次远东犹太社区会议，代表包括哈尔滨、上海、神户三地的犹太人计700余人，安江仙弘和樋口喜一郎任观察员。犹太人没有让日本人失望，他们通过了一项公开决议：“我们宣布，我们在国家法律之下享受种族平等和公平，并将与日本和“满洲国”合作以建立亚洲新秩序。我们向我们的共同宗教信仰者要求帮助。”
“亚洲的以色列”
考夫曼此时与安江仙弘已成至交，他们时常一起乘豪华快车往返于哈尔滨与大连之间。1938年和1939年，他们又合作召开了两次远东犹太社区会议。
与此相比，更为关键的是于1938年底在东京召开的“五大臣会议”。与会诸大臣意见并非一致，而他们争论的焦点包括是否应该与犹太人合作，以及定居点应该设在哈尔滨还是上海(前者是陆军的地盘，后者是海军的地盘)，还有如何处理与德国、美国在此问题上的微妙关系等。经过漫长的商议与讨价还价，一份周到详密的策划书终于出炉。犹太人就此成为日本盘中的河豚鱼——去除毒素后，鲜美无比。
“河豚鱼计划”正式实施后。日本人与犹太人的合作日渐紧密，至1939年5月考夫曼应邀访日更是达到高潮。考夫曼在日本逗留的一个月时间里，访问了内阁各省，受到一次比一次殷勤的招待。考夫曼获得大量在各种场合表达“满洲”犹太人感情的机会，并接二连三地听到日本人发出的“友善之声”。在回哈尔滨之前，他被授予“帝国勋章”，而即使是日本公民，获得此勋章机会亦很少，外国人更是绝无仅有。
不仅是哈尔滨，日本人的计划还包括上海。1937年日军攻占上海，这又给了“河豚鱼计划”的策划者们以极大鼓舞。上海聚居着大约4700名中东犹太人，其中有许多上海最富有和最有权力的家族和个人，如地产大王塞拉斯·哈同、沙逊洋行老板维克多·沙逊、亚伯拉罕家族、嘉道理家族等，上海金融交易所主席和99家会员中三分之一以上都是中东犹太人。
犬塚惟重、安江仙弘和日本驻沪总领事石黑四郎看到了利用犹太人财富的机会，于是在泊在外滩的日本万吨战舰“出云号”上密谋对策，犬塚惟重直言不讳：“如果犹太人不与我们合作，就把他们绞死。”
之后，犬塚惟重与欧洲犹太人社区建立联系，到1939年初显成效，由日本人、中国人、欧洲犹太人和中东犹太人共同筹资的太平洋贸易公司成立。这个公司成立的象征意义远大于经济意义：它公开表明日本人与犹太人开始合作。另一件令犬塚兴奋的事：维克多·沙逊接受了他的宴会邀请，这表明日本人已经被上海犹太上等阶层所接受。
事态的发展如此顺利，犬塚等人趁热打铁，炮制出一份机密研究报告《关于引入犹太资金的研究和分析》来。这份长达90页的文件不仅包括吸收上海富裕犹太人资金的手段等，甚至还有支配美国公众舆论的计划，包括邀请犹太新闻工作者去日本作正面报道、邀请好莱坞片商到上海拍摄日本人善待犹太难民的电影等，还包括日美两国神道教与犹太教宗教互访等。但报告最核心的内容还是建立犹太难民居留地，安江仙弘称其为“亚洲的以色列”。
此项计划马上被细节化，安江主张建立在“满洲”，犬塚等则主张建在上海近郊，但无论何种选择，“犹太财阀必须根据我们的要求和条件建设新的城镇……允许犹太人自治不是一个好办法……须采取步骤使我国官方处于监督和幕后指使的地位。”
于此同时，为了配合“河豚鱼计划”的实行，日本也改变了移民签证政策。日本在神户建立犹太人社区，专门接纳从东欧逃难而来的犹太人。在立陶宛，日本驻立陶宛领事杉原千亩为犹太难民签发了6000多张过境签证，而根据黑龙江日报记者曾一智在《汉奸还是“辛德勒”》一文中考证，“伪满洲”国驻德公使馆书记员王替夫为犹太人签发的12000余过境签证也与此有关。
从1935年至1940年，形势的发展看上去都在按照计划有条不紊地进行。但让犹太人始料不及的是，转折很快来临。
命运突变
继1936年日德签署了防共协定后，1938年又达成了所谓“文化协定”。从1939年8月开始，日本严格限制犹太难民进入上海。另外，日本军警殴打恐吓上海犹太难民之事，也时有发生。
真正的转折发生在1940年。东条英机上台担任陆军大臣后，实际掌控了日本军政大权。东条甫一上任便拿安江仙弘开刀，安江被免去了一切职务，杉原千亩也被迫离开了立陶宛。与此同时，日本正式与德国、意大利成立了三国军事同盟。外务大臣松冈洋右安慰赶到东京质询的考夫曼：虽与德国签约，但绝不反犹。
考夫曼离开时忧心忡忡，他开始意识到与日本人的合作前景并不美妙。流传于犹太人中的一句戏谑日本人的话看起来颇有道理：日本人像上帝，完全不可预料。
其实日本的反复无常并非不可预料，之所以如此，是诸多因素左右的结果。一方面，美国犹太人并未像预想中那般积极配合，想象中的美国金融集团投资一个铜板也没有捞来。
1938年，“满洲”犹太实业家列夫·齐克曼给美国的世界犹太人组织领袖斯蒂芬·魏斯写信称“日本人对‘满洲’犹太人相当公平”，魏斯的回信毫不客气：“我认为犹太人去支持日本人完全是一种堕落行为。”
一句话堵死了所有合作的可能性。另一方面，希特勒政府经常向日本政府施压，对他们和犹太人眉来眼去的行为十分不满，这给日本政府造成很大困扰。
陷于中国战场的泥淖之中，日本难以自拔，而加上苏联的威胁，自是不敢得罪另一个大国美国。但如果按照德国的要求处置犹太人，日本本来就已经十分孤立的国际环境将更加恶劣，这是日本所不愿意见到的。这也是“河豚鱼计划”无甚实效却仍推进的原因，但日本人心中的积怨可想而知。
终于，日本人一吐怨气的机会到来了。随着德国在苏联境内的层层推进，胜利似乎只是时间问题，日本看来已无后顾之忧。1941年12月7日凌晨，日军袭击了珍珠港，上海日军也攻陷上海所有外国租界。犹太人的苦难再次降临。
犬塚惟重，“河豚鱼计划”的始作俑者之一，在最短时间内登上维克多·沙逊那座价值数百万英磅的办公大楼，大声宣布：“从现在起这就是我的房产，你们所有人必须遵从日本的政策。……时代变了，我们要好好和你算账……”。
犬塚如此失态的原因是：随着宣战，他以往跟犹太人交往的经验，他付出的精力、汗水、他取得的成就，都变得毫无意义。犬塚将责任归咎于犹太人不努力与美国沟通，他们本该说服罗斯福承认日本对东方的统治权的，罗斯福本人不就是犹太人吗？这不就是“河豚鱼计划”的宗旨吗？
犬塚预计的没有错，珍珠港事件之后，日本外相东乡茂德宣布：“五大臣会议决议暂缓实施。犹太人不再享有特权。”
陆军部宣布：“必须使犹太人处在严格的监控之下……反抗者应予镇压处治。”据此，富有的中东犹太人被押往各特别集中营，而剩下的一万多犹太难民，被按所谓“八纮一宇”原则“保护”起来了。
犹太人没有可利用价值了，由于他们从不知道所谓“河豚鱼计划”，所以对自己一夜之间从与日本人平起平坐的地位上沦为阶下囚的转变颇不适应。然而更悲惨的命运还在后面等着他们。
随着太平洋战事的爆发，航运业停止运营，依赖于进出口贸易的上海经济遭遇致命打击，大部分公司倒闭破产，存活下来的也被日本接收(就像他们当年在哈尔滨做的那样)。来自美国的救济款项大大削减，犹太人共同分配委员会更是在珍珠港事件几个月后宣布彻底断绝对上海犹太难民的救济。
这还仅仅是个开始，更可怕的灾难正接踵而来。
1942年，德国盖世太保梅辛格抵达上海，带来所谓“最终解决方案”(finalsolution)。该方案旨在灭绝在华犹太人：趁犹太新年节之时，在犹太教堂逮捕所有犹太人，然后要么将他们扒光衣服捆在船上，任其漂泊在海上饥渴致死，再凿沉船毁尸灭迹；要么发配去盐矿挖盐，用最低的营养量榨取其最高的劳动量；要么建立一座集中营，用犹太人做医学实验。
梅辛格眉飞色舞地介绍自己的方案时，在座有一个叫做柴田贡的日本外交官，此人属于良心未泯的日本人，梅辛格的方案让他毛骨悚然，决心即使冒着叛国的罪名也要及时通知犹太人。上海犹太人及时通知了哈尔滨犹太人领袖考夫曼，考夫曼通过安江仙弘和松冈洋右对日本政府施加影响，最终东京未批准“最终解决方案”。
不过日本人并非善心大发，披露了第二次世界大战期间日本人与犹太人的秘密交往史的《河豚鱼计划》一书写道，他们对犹太人说：“你们如何活着是另一回事，我原先被派来取你们首级，现在至少得取一条胳膊。”
很快，日军在虹口建立了一个犹太人区，散居各处的犹太人全部被集中至此，受到严密监控。所谓犹太人区，实际就是一座两墙之间距离稍大的监狱罢了。
1943到1944年的冬天，上海的气温降至百年最低。煤和电的供应完全中断，犹太人卖掉了所有的厚衣物以换取食物，现在只能披着麻袋之类的东西御寒。沿街乞讨的人越来越多，卖淫妇女的数量显著增加，新生儿被迫送人，男人们无所事事——对于犹太人来说，靠施舍或者靠妻子养家，比杀了他还难受。最严重的是，即使是这样，大部分人还要靠捡烂菜皮来勉强糊口。整个犹太人区笼罩在烦躁和绝望的氛围中，自杀屡见不鲜。
就这样，这些长期担任世界政治和军事角逐的抵押品的可怜人，渐渐已变得完全麻木，没有未来、没有希望，他们的世界只有犹太居住区那4000平方英尺的范围，他们的愿望也仅仅是每餐能填饱肚子。德国人杀戮驱逐他们，日本人打击折磨他们，连美国的犹太同胞也抛弃了他们，哈尔滨的同胞自身难保——现实种种，考夫曼也许后悔了，这一切与他当初和日本人合作时候的初衷完全背道而驰。
梦回锡安
“希望”在1945年又重新出现。战局早已对日本不利，日本人于是又重新提起“河豚鱼计划”，这次则完全是为了讨好美国，以争取停战。日本政府特使和犹太医生卡尔·琼特曼交涉，希望他能说服美国犹太社团对罗斯福政府施加影响，从而达到停战和谈的目的，作为回报，上海的两万犹太难民将获准移民到“满洲”建立自己的“犹太国”。
面对生活在地域里一般的上海同胞，琼特曼没有半点犹豫，立刻写信给魏斯，魏斯的回答仍然斩钉截铁：“美国犹太人大会未得国务院认可不会与日本进行任何谈判。”
犹太人在中国的建国梦彻底破灭了。作为犹太锡安复国组织的主要创始人，亚伯拉罕·考夫曼，在1945年苏联红军进驻哈尔滨后，被押解回苏联，囚禁在戈罗捷格沃监狱，后转囚于阿赞卡集中营等数个监狱，历经16载，直到1961年，才获准移居以色列，回到了他为之奋斗大半生的灵魂之国。(原标题：“河豚鱼”之死_——犹太人在华的“复国”秘史，作者：白伟志)