Miracle at Fushun: The Transformation of Japanese ‘War Criminals’
from Devils into Humans
Motomu Ishikawa and Megumi Makino
In Japan, there exist many war veterans’ organizations. They are usually made up of the ex-military personnel who fought together in the same corps. Many commentators on Japan have criticised Japanese ex-servicemen for not discussing their wartime actions frankly, let alone acknowledging their responsibility for their conduct. In this regard, the Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai (the Association of China Returnees, hereafter the ACR) is unique. This group was founded in 1957 by about 1000 Japanese war veterans who had been detained at Fushun Prison in the Northeast of China, and then repatriated in 1956. Since then, its members have devoted themselves to the promotion of better Sino-Japanese relations. However, what makes the ACR most unusual in comparison with other war veterans’ organizations is that, since their homecoming, many of its members have been confessing publicly the crimes against humanity which they had committed in China in order to atone for their wartime conduct.
The behaviour of Japanese troops was so horrendous that Chinese people called them “Japanese devils.” The ACR members think of their experiences at Fushun Prison as a “miracle” by which they were transformed from “devils” into humans with the help of the Chinese prison staff. In what follows, we will give a brief account of how this process took place in Fushun Prison during the early years of revolutionary China.
In the Sino-Japanese War between 1931 and 1945, Japanese troops inflicted colossal damage on the Chinese people. It is estimated that the imperial army killed more than 10 million people including many innocent civilians in this war of aggression.[i] After the Japanese surrender in 1945, about 600,000 Japanese nationals including civilians were captured by Soviet troops and deported to labour camps in Siberia, the far eastern region of the former Soviet Union. In 1950, about one thousand of these prisoners of war were sent back to the newly born People’s Republic of China to be detained at the Fushun War Criminal Camp for at least six years.
It was natural that these POWs feared retaliation when they were handed over to the Chinese Communists. What awaited them at Fushun, however, was beyond their imagination. In Siberia, these POWs experienced forced labour, suffered from chronic hunger and malnutrition and survived bitterly cold winters with great difficulty for five years. Living conditions in the labour camps were such that many prisoners died. By contrast, the policy of the Chinese government was to treat the inmates in a humane way by respecting international laws. Not only were the Japanese prisoners freed from forced labour but also given nutritious meals and plenty of free time. This so-called ‘lenient’ policy of the Communist government of giving the Japanese detainees such generous treatment was a product of Cold War politics by which Communist China tried to gain international recognition.[ii] One of the important aspects of the lenient policy was the reforming of the Japanese prisoners in order to help them realise the gravity of their wartime actions by which they had slaughtered and raped Chinese people, and looted and burned towns and villages. Through the process of reflecting on their past sins, the Chinese hoped that these men would abandon their imperialistic way of thinking and vow not to invade China again. Yet this was a very difficult task to achieve and the prison staff had to overcome many problems.
The first problem that the prison staff encountered was the difference in the understanding of the detainees’ status between these two parties. The Japanese detainees saw themselves as prisoners of war. However, the Chinese made it clear that, in China, they were going to be regarded as “war criminals” who had committed crimes against humanity in a war of invasion. This made the prisoners furious. They protested to the prison officers, saying that they had had no choice but to follow the orders of their superiors. Therefore, they could not comprehend why they had to take any responsibility for their actions. Being designated as war criminals was very upsetting to them because it meant punishment. With anger and desperation, they became disobedient and verbally abusive to the prison staff.[iii] At the same time, they could not understand why their former enemies were so kind to them. During the war, the way the Japanese army treated Chinese prisoners was extremely cruel. Because of their own record, the Japanese detainees could not trust the prison staff and feared that they were going to be executed sooner or later.
While the Japanese prisoners were puzzled by the generosity of the Chinese people, many prison guards were terribly perplexed by the generous treatment which their former enemies were enjoying. They could not understand the rationale for it. When they were assigned to work at Fushun Prison, they were told that it was a decision made by the political leaders in Beijing. However, many Chinese people, including the prison staff, had family members and relatives who had been killed by ‘Japanese devils.’ So, they had many reasons to feel animosity towards the Japanese and to want to settle old scores. And yet there was a strict rule which prohibited them from using any form of physical or verbal abuse against the Japanese detainees even when they were insolent. Naturally, many staff members were very upset and felt that it did not make sense that treating these “Japanese devils” humanely should be part of the revolution.[iv]
The following is one such example which illustrates how difficult the Fushun project was for the Chinese people to carry out. A young prison guard was shocked when he discovered that a Japanese detainee who had killed his father was among those he was in charge of. After weeks of agony, he told the prison director that he wanted to be transferred. The director said: ‘I know perfectly how you feel… But if you give up on these detainees now and walk out, they will pick up guns and invade China again. This means that there will be many more deaths like your father’s. We must stop these Japanese men from becoming aggressors again. Don’t you think that this is what your father wants most in heaven as well as how you can fulfil your duty as a good son?’ The director’s words made this prison guard realise how important the task of re-educating the Japanese prisoners was for the future of China. Not only did he continue to work at the prison but also worked even harder. One day, his “enemy” suffered an acute appendicitis attack in the middle of the night. The guard carried the sick man on his back to the medical room to save his life.[v]
The prisoners witnessed many incidents like this and began to feel that they could probably trust the prison staff. Their hostility and arrogance towards the Chinese staff came to be replaced by politeness to and respect for them little by little. When the guards could see changes in the detainees’ behaviour, they became proud of their job and worked even harder.
Since their arrival at Fushun, the prisoners had been doing nothing but playing games and telling dirty stories. When they finally became tired of this, they began to hold study meetings. In that process, they began to think about why they had to be detained at Fushun. They also began to reflect on what they had done in wartime China and compared this with the kindness of the Chinese staff, although this happened only very gradually. It took them many years until they finally accepted that what they had done to the Chinese people were war crimes.[vi] This was because, due to nationalistic prewar education, they had deep-seated racist attitudes against the Chinese and other Asians. They were taught that Japan was a divine country and the emperor was the only living god in the world. Therefore, killing inferior peoples for the development of the divine nation was justifiable.[vii]
It was very difficult for the prisoners to shake off such racist thinking. Nevertheless, they slowly learnt to see their wartime actions from the viewpoint of Chinese people through various activities. One such example was the production of dramas. The inmates organised themselves into several groups to enjoy sport and cultural activities. In the drama group, they put on Japanese and Chinese dramas at the prison. They even created dramas based on their own experiences as the perpetrators of war crimes. In one drama, one inmate performed a Chinese peasant woman who was raped by a Japanese soldier after her husband had been tortured and killed in front of her. As she tried desperately to rescue him, she screamed and struggled to no avail, he completely got into the role. Many inmates who were watching this could not help reflecting on their wartime conduct. Experiences like this gave them an opportunity to think about the war from the perspective of victims. And they finally began to understand why the Chinese regarded them as war criminals. [viii]
At Fushun Prison, there were several Korean Chinese officers who were in charge of the education programme because they were fluent in Japanese. With the help of these education officers, the inmates discussed their wartime conduct in groups. But as they began to confess their own crimes, many prisoners realised the seriousness of what they had done and became very emotional and depressed. One of them was so overwhelmed by a sense of guilt that he decided to kill himself. He swallowed an unshelled boiled egg and walked to the latrine which was constructed outside the barracks. As he suffocated, he became unconscious and fell into the cesspit below. When the guards noticed this, one of them rushed to the latrine and dived into the cesspit to rescue the prisoner. When he brought the prisoner onto the ground, both men’s bodies were covered with faeces. The medical staff rushed the prisoner to the medical room, pushed the egg out of his throat and gave him mouth-to-mouth respiration. Due to the suffocation caused by the egg, they were unable to save the prisoner’s life. However, such action by the prison staff moved the Japanese detainees deeply.[ix]
In Communist China, another group of Japanese prisoners was held at Taiyuan Prison in Shanxi Province. Most of these 140 prisoners or so had been part of the Japanese military personnel who remained in China after Japan’s surrender to continue to fight against Communists as part of Chang Kaishek’s Nationalist Army. In 1956, the special military tribunals were opened to try the Japanese prisoners at Fushun and Taiyuan. By then, many detainees had reached the stage where they were ready to accept even the maximum penalty. But, to their surprise, the Chinese government was extremely lenient. More than 1,000 prisoners were released without any charge. Only 45 prisoners were convicted, but there was no death sentence or lifetime imprisonment.[x]
Back in the end of 1955, the prison officers and guards had already been told that the central government had no intention of delivering the severest sentence. As a matter of course, they were very troubled by such leniency. They felt that at least those who had been high-ranking officers of the military deserved to be executed. They protested to Premier Zhou Enlai who was in charge of the policy on dealing with Japanese prisoners. In reply, Zhou said: ‘You will understand the correctness of our decision in 20 years’ time. Suppose these people who had committed crimes in the war of invasion reflect deeply on their wartime actions and tell other Japanese about their experiences in China. I’m certain that this is a far more effective way of making Japanese people aware of the facts about the war of aggression than being told by us Chinese Communists.’[xi]
When the former prisoners returned to Japan, the Japanese government had no diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China because of Cold War politics which made Japan a close ally of the United States which was antagonistic to Communists. The mass media reported that these returnees had been brainwashed by the Chinese Communist Party. As a result, many of them had difficulty in finding employment and even after they found jobs, they often experienced discrimination at work. Also, the security police kept watch over them. In some cases, this lasted until Japan normalised diplomatic relations with China in 1972.[xii]
However, the former detainees were determined to be active in the promotion of peace and friendship between Japan and China. After they founded the ACR in 1957, they started publishing a series of books in which they disclosed the war crimes that they had committed in China in order to give Japanese people the true picture of Japan’s wartime aggression. The first book was published as early as 1957and fifty thousand copies were sold within 20 days. However, the publisher yielded to the threats from far-right groups, and decided not to reprint the book. Despite such a setback, the ACR members continued to publish their accounts of the war as a group and individuals in books and magazines. They have also been retelling their war experiences as aggressors at public gatherings for many years while the great majority of Japanese war-veterans have kept silent. The veterans of the ACR have spoken out in order to express their unreserved apology to the Chinese people and at the same time to remind Japanese people of the truth and gravity of the nation’s crimes.[xiii] They have been urged to do this because the Japanese government has kept refusing to atone for them properly. To cite just one recent example, in 2000 the Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery was held in Tokyo and two old veterans of the ACR participated in the tribunals as witnesses. They spoke out as the perpetrators of wartime rape in China to back up the plaintiffs’ accounts. Those plaintiffs had been forced into sex slavery by the Japanese military in various parts of northeast and southeast Asia. The participants of the tribunals including the judges and even the plaintiffs all praised these men for their courage.[xiv]
After their repatriation, the ACR members never forgot Fushun. In fact, many of them began to grapple with the significance of their experiences at Fushun only after they settled and rebuilt their lives in Japanese society. As they enjoyed ordinary life with their families, they recollected their wartime activities which had been destructive to countless Chinese families. Their respect for the Chinese officers and guards deepened. They tackled the enormous task of educating “Japanese devils” to help them recover humanity with incredible kindness and patience. From 1965 onwards, the ACR began to send delegates to China. The delegates visited the former prison camp. However, they were unable to be reunited with those they had wished to meet again most in order to express their heartfelt gratitude. No matter how often they wrote to them, there was no response from the Chinese education officers. What happened was that China was in turmoil during the period of the Great Cultural Revolution from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, and the ex-officers of Fushun Prison were having a very difficult time. They were severely punished for their work at Fushun which was seen as counter-revolutionary by the Red Guards. It was alleged that the prison staff had given preferential treatment to those capitalistic Japanese war criminals.[xv] This situation made it impossible for them to make direct contact with any Japanese.
It was not until 1975 that some members finally reunited with some former prison staff at Fushun. After the Cultural Revolution, the former prison officers and guards were rehabilitated and the ACR members started to receive letters from the former education officers again in the early 1980s. In 1984, the ACR invited eight former officers to Japan and many ACR members finally had a chance to see them again. On the day of their arrival, many ACR veterans came to meet them at Tokyo international airport from various parts of the country. It was a moving reunion. The Japanese media could not understand why these former enemies could hold hands and embrace each other so enthusiastically with tears of joy.[xvi]
Whenever right-wing critics want to discredit the war stories of the ACR, they label these veterans as “brainwashed.” However, the Communist leaders had no intention of indoctrinating the Japanese prisoners to become Communists. Nor did the prison staff ever tell them to join the Communist Party when they went home. The prisoners responded to the reforming process at Fushun because their former enemies treated them as humans without showing any hostility. It is important to remember that the imperial army was the epitome of anti-humanism, and these veterans went through a brutal training process to become “Japanese devils.” The 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant defines peace as ‘the end of all hostilities’ (Toward Perpetual Peace, 1795). And what happened at Fushun attests to the fact that reconciliation is possible when people strive to stop being hostile to their “enemies.”
The “miracle” at Fushun was made possible because the Chinese prison officers took the lead in ending hostility. Nevertheless, the officers were not so sure of whether the Japanese men who had been under their care genuinely reflected on their wartime conduct when they left Fushun. It was only after many years had passed that the former staff realised how correct Zhou Enlai had been when they learnt that the spirit of Fushun continued to live in the ACR’s peace activism.[xvii] It is very sad that many ACR members have already departed and even the youngest ones are in their early eighties. However, the “miracle” at Fushun will continue to be remembered because another “miracle” has taken place by the establishment of a new group to inherit the spirit of this remarkable event. Mizuho Shimada and Megumi Makino will describe this new development in ‘The Society to Carry on the Miracle at Fushun: Its Origins and Activities’ below.
[i] Shu Gong, Zhongguo Gaizao Riben Zhanfan Shimo, Beijing, Qunzhong Chubanshe, 2005, p. 46.
[ii] It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss this issue. For the origins and aims of the project to detain Japanese POWs at Fushun Prison, see: Arai Toshio Shiryô Hozon Kai, ed., Chûgoku Bujun Senpan Kanrisho shokuin no shôgen, Tokyo, Nashinokisha, 2003, pp. 14-18, 134-137.
[iii] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Watashitachi wa Chûgoku de nani o shitaka, Tokyo, Shinpû Shobô, 1995, pp. 10-13; Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Kakusei, Tokyo, Shinpû Shobô, 1995, pp. 45-50, 120-126.
[iv] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Kakusei, pp. 36-37, 128-129.
[v] Ikeya Toyoji, ‘Bujun senpan kanrisho deno seikatsu’, Kikan: Chûkiren, no. 14, Summer 2000, pp. 54-56.
[vi] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Watashitachi wa Chûgoku de nani o shitaka, pp. 37-38, 51-60.
[vii] Ibid., p. 223.
[viii] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Watashitachi wa Chûgoku de nani o shitaka, pp. 162-171.
[ix] Arai Toshio Shiryô Hozon Kai, ed., Chûgoku Bujun Senpan Kanrisho shokuin no shôgen, pp. 286-288; Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Watashitachi wa Chûgoku de nani o shitaka, p. 179.
[x] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Watashitachi wa Chûgoku de nani o shitaka, pp. 189-204.
[xi] Arai Toshio Shiryô Hozon Kai, ed., Chûgoku Bujun Senpan Kanrisho shokuin no shôgen, pp. 97-99; Arai Toshio, ‘Kyôjutsusho wa kôshite kakareta’, in Arai Toshio et al., eds, Shinryaku no shôgen’, Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 1999, p. 274.
[xii] Koyama Ichirô et al., ‘Kikokugo o kataru’, Kikan: Chûkiren, no. 36, Spring 2006, pp. 17-24.
[xiii] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Kaettekita senpantachi no kôhansei, Tokyo, Shinpû Shobô, 1996, pp. 35-40, 172-174, 779-780, passim.
[xiv] Nishino Rumiko, ‘Sabakareta “ianfu” seido’, Kikan: Chûkiren, no. 16, Spring 2001, pp. 43-45.
[xv] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Kaettekita senpantachi no kôhansei, pp. 105-111, 292; Arai, ‘Kyôjutsusho wa kôshite kakareta’, p. 275.
[xvi] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Kaettekita senpantachi no kôhansei, pp. 197, 327-330, 466-467; Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Kakusei, pp. 1-2.
[xvii] Chûgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, ed., Watashitachi wa Chûgoku de nani o shitaka, p. 225; Arai Toshio Shiryô Hozon Kai, ed., Chûgoku Bujun Senpan Kanrisho shokuin no shôgen, p. 163.
Fighting for Peace After War: Japanese War Veterans recall the war and their peace activism after repatriation
Takahashi Tetsuro, Kaneko Kotaro, Inokuma Tokuro
Translated by Linda Hoaglund
Facilitator: Kumagai Shinichiro, editor of SEKAI
Takahashi Tetsuro
Born 1921. 59th Division Headquarters Staff Office, Imperial Japanese Army. Former secretary general of the Chugoku Kikansha Renrakukai (Conference of Persons Returned from China).
Kaneko Kotaro
Born 1927. 61st Class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Secretary general of Veterans for Japan-China Friendship.
Inokuma Tokuro
Born 1928. Former Army Special Leader Candidate. Representative director of the Pacifist Soldiers and Civilians.
Summary
Three aging veterans of Japan’s Imperial Army discuss their postwar commitment to peace activism in Japan and their current efforts to find young people willing to carry on their work as they confront their gradual decline and inevitable deaths. One veteran was incarcerated in a Chinese “re-education” camp for his war crimes against Chinese civilians, much like the veterans featured in the documentary film, Japanese Devils. Although neither of the other two veterans committed war crimes, each put himself through a soul-searching reevaluation of his loyalty to the Emperor and conviction that he had fought for a righteous cause. The three veterans share a deep commitment to speaking about the actual horrors of war and to preserving the testimony of other veterans who are slowly dying.
—Many veterans helped to establish the peace movement after World War II as an act of contrition for their participation in a wrongful war. Please tell us about your activities, which hold a unique place among post-war peace movements in Japan.
Takahashi
I’m Takahashi Tetsuro. I was the secretary general of the Chugoku Kikansha Renrakukai (Chukiren) until it was dissolved in 2002.
Takahashi introduces Chukiren’s War Memorial Museum in Saitama to Chinese embassy staff
I was born in Miyazaki in February, 1921. I majored in Chinese at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies, graduating in ’41 and went to work at a trading company. I was sent to an office in China, and lived in Jinan in Shandong province until I was drafted there. I was assigned to the 59th Division that was stationed in Shandong. Defeat was already in the air, and we were barely defending our supply lines by that time. I joined the Infantry Rifle Unit of the 109th Battalion, was in boot camp for 6 months and was transferred to the Staff Office of the Division Headquarters at the end of ’44. Since I knew Chinese, I joined the press unit and worked on pacification operations.
Right before we lost the war, the 59th Division was put under the control of the Kwantung Army of “Manchuria” to prepare for battle with the Soviet Union, and we moved to what is now North Korea. Looking back, it was as if we moved just to be captured and imprisoned in Siberia. After 5 years in Siberia, in 1950, I was transferred to New China as a war criminal and interned at the war criminals camp in Fushun, famous for its mines in Liaoning province in the northeast. I spent 6 more years there, and 11 years after losing the war—in July 1956—I returned to Japan after charges against me were dropped in a military trial.
So, I returned from the Soviet Union via revolutionary China to a Japan that was entering its period of rapid economic growth. I returned with the painful awareness that I had participated in a war of aggression, becoming a perpetrator in my youth. However, at the time, Japan was suspicious that we were thoroughly indoctrinated by 11 years of training in communist countries. Adding to such social prejudice, we were under police surveillance, and many of us encountered great difficulty even to marry. Thankfully, in my case, my employer from before the war was waiting for my return, so I didn’t have to worry about finding a job.
We founded Chukiren in 1957, the year after we returned. We worked for 45 years until we dissolved it in 2002. Reflecting upon the suffering we inflicted on the Chinese people as participants in that war of aggression, we dedicated the remainder of our lives to the cause of pacifism and friendship between Japan and China, however small our influence. Former members of Chukiren, including myself are now cooperating with Fushun no Kiseki wo Uketsugu Kai (The Committee to Pass On the Miracle of Fushun), the successor organization founded by a younger generation.
Kaneko
My name is Kaneko Kotaro. I was born in 1927—turned 80 last year. I entered the Army Academy—a school for training career military men—in November 1944, after finishing 5 years in the old-system middle school. For 10 months, until August 15, 1945, I experienced what it was like to live in a military academy—what it was like to receive training to be a career military man. I was 17 at the time and had both an affinity and doubt toward the Army, as I had an insider’s view of its strengths and weaknesses. I was discharged in September after we lost the war, and took the old-system high school transfer exam to enter the Tokyo Metropolitan University, and entered the Department of Japanese History. There, I cleansed myself of the imperialistic view of history that had a nebulous hold on me. I joined the workforce, and worked until retirement without contributing to a political movement, though I was consciously critical of our society.
In 1980, fatefully, I started attending the activities of the Veterans for Japan-China Friendship and now work exclusively for the movement. 28 years have passed since I became a member.
From Enlistee to Pacifist Soldier
Inokuma
My name is Inokuma. I was born in September of 1928. I’m 79. I am the youngest of the veterans. I serve as the representative director of the Pacifist Soldiers. I also serve on the board of Senjo Taiken Hoei Hozon no Kai (War-Experience Preservation Society), which records and preserves the stories of former soldier. When I was in my 3rd year of middle school, I became a part of the inaugural class of the army’s Special Leader Candidates. It was called Tokkan and was a system of accelerated officer training for cadets with technical skills. I joined Tokkan despite vigorous opposition by my father, as did many of my classmates who, like me, snuck out their parent’s family stamp, in order to apply.
Initially, I asked to work on ships, but later switched to aircraft—and that saved my life. There were 1,900 members of the inaugural class, 1,700 of whom went on to form the Naval Volunteer Corps called the Tokkotai—1,200 of whom died. Many actually died in ground battles. “You are survivors of the Tokkotai, so lead the front.” Under these orders, they fought on the front line or starved on Luzon in the Philippines.
I experienced my first battle when I was 16. On February 19, 1945, the U.S. forces had landed on Iwo Jima, and several thousand U.S. aircraft attacked the Kanto area as part of that operation. My unit in Hitachi was hit heavily as well, and I lost 11 of my brothers in arms. I felt strongly that “War is a murderer. Nothing but a ruthless murderer.”
The Battle of Iwo Jima
I was transferred in April and moved to Hsinking—what is now Changchun in China’s northeast. Thirty-five of us were transferred from Japan, and once again, I was lucky to join the anti-aircraft radio unit. About half of us were assigned to the information radio unit, investigating Soviet movements along the border, and most never returned.
After we lost the war, I was a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union, but was able to return to Japan in December of 1947. I was born in Hama-cho in Nihonbashi and raised in Tomihisa-cho in Shinjuku, but both houses were burned to the ground. My father, to whom I owed so much as a son, had died. My brother, who was two years older than me, died at the age of 18, hit by a torpedo from an American submarine on his way to Okinawa on a suicide mission with his kaiten manned-torpedo unit.
Since I had no skills or experience as a 9th grader who had shipped out to war, I wanted to go to school when I returned to Japan. So, I went back to the school I had left, and the principal who sent me out with fervent cheers of “Banzai!” looked at me in dismay and said, “I’ll give you a graduation diploma, but please go somewhere else.” Then he added, “Don’t tell them you’re returning from Siberia.” I asked him what happened to the others who went to the naval academy, and his reply was, “we don’t know where any of them are”—this from the principal who sent us all out, cheering “Banzai! Banzai!”
With few skills, I worked as a plumber. I did anything I could do just to survive. No matter where I went, I was called “Pinko Commie” because I had returned from Siberia. If I complained about unreasonable job conditions, I was fired for being a “Pinko.” I now receive a special pension, but I had to change jobs 13 times and was fired 8 times. Facing such injustice, I have increasingly felt this world must change.
As I grew older, I began to think, “What can I do that only I can do?” The answer, I realized, is to tell the story of what I experienced in war. Thus, I became a member of the Pacifist Soldiers and Civilians 12 years ago.
Telling the Story of the Perpetrator
—The founding date for Chukiren is 1957, 1961 for Veterans and 1988 for Pacifist Soldiers. Please describe the background of the founding of each group as well as its activities.
Takahashi
Chukiren is a group of former war criminals who, having invaded China, returned to Japan after being interned in the war criminals camps of Fushun and Taiyuan in New China. Our activities are rooted in our reflection on being participants in a war of aggression. We are made up of 969 members who were interned at the Fushun war criminals camp and 140 Taiyuan members who fought with the Chinese Nationalist Army against the Eighth Route Army in the Chinese Civil War, lost, were taken captive, and became war criminals. The charges against the majority of us were dropped in 1956, and we returned home. Even those who were sentenced to prison for heavier crimes eventually all returned by ’64. Some died of sickness, so, in the end, those who returned to Japan totaled 1,062. Our main activities are testifying to the facts of our aggression and conveying the reality of the battlefield in a war of aggression through various publications, telling the Japanese people that we must never repeat the same mistake. These activities continue, even after the dissolution of our organization, by our members who are still physically capable.
The movement for friendship between Japan and China, which is another pillar of our activities, included, in the 50’s and 60’s, the movement to return the remains of the Chinese victims of compulsory transfer and forced labor and the movement for Japan-China normalization. Our first director was Fujita Shigeru, who was the division commander of the Imperial Army’s 59th Division. He was sentenced, but was released early because of his repentant attitude, and returned in 1958, when he became the director.
At the time, there were no diplomatic relations with China. There was strong resistance to New China, so it was a time of great struggle. To complicate matters, the Cultural Revolution began in 1966. The staff at the camps who treated us humanely now were blamed for their kind treatment of us Japanese, and were severely persecuted. This chaos spread to Japan, and the Chinese Communist Party and the Japanese Communist Party clashed mightily. As a result, many Japan-China friendship groups were torn apart. Chukiren was no exception, and as the Japan-China Friendship Association split, so did Chukiren. The group that felt strongly about preserving the relationship with China called itself “orthodox”—I belonged to this group. Looking back now, the chaos of the Japan-China friendship movement at the time was great. It even turned violent at times.
Eventually, the errors of the Cultural Revolution were officially recognized in China, and our countries’ diplomatic relations were normalized. But, the scars left after the movement were not easily healed. It was not until 20 years after it split that Chukiren became unified again in 1986—and this is a rare example of reunification. I think the reason we were able to reunify was because the foundation of the group was our experience of living 6 years in the Fushun war criminals camp. Even though we were split, we shared a regret for the past and a desire to establish friendship with China.
After reunification, we were able to accomplish things that we were unable to do before. I believe we did what we could—considering our old age—testifying around the country, supporting lawsuits brought by Chinese war victims, publishing our periodical, Chukiren, fighting against the revisionist historians who call Chukiren “A source of masochistic historical perspective.” We also have publishing activities and exchanges with China.
Unfortunately, as we entered the year 2000, our average age surpassed 80, and many of those who worked tirelessly began to pass away.
Chukiren celebrates its fiftieth anniversary in September 2000
Our regional organizations were deteriorating. We debated time and again how to create a successor organization that could continue the Japan-China friendship while we were still able to think clearly. As we were stuck trying to find a good solution, some young people emerged who wanted to spread the work of Chukiren through the internet. The Uketsugu Kai was formed with these young people at its core. Branches have been successfully created across the country, with another branch opening in the Tohoku region this year. I believe they are not merely carrying on the work of Chukiren, but they also understand our journey that started with the generous policy of the Chinese government. We have the deepest gratitude for these young people.
Peace Movement by Former Career Soldiers
Kaneko
Veterans for Japan-China Friendship was created in 1961, the year after the Anpo (Japan-U.S. Security Treaty) protests. Actually, Fujita Shigeru of Chukiren was an advisor to our group. There was an Army general named Endo Saburo who was three classes behind Mr. Fujita in the Army Academy. Mr. Endo was invited to China and visited in 1956, bringing along with him former Japanese generals and field officers. He met with Mr. Fujita then, too, who was interned as a war criminal at the Fushun war criminals camp. Mr. Endo was struck by the Chinese policy at the time and founded Veterans for Japan-China Friendship, believing that, as former military men, they must encourage friendship between Japan and China.
Endo Saburo was an elite soldier who graduated at the top of his class in Army Cadet School, Army Military Academy and Army University. One of the reasons such a brilliant mind remained a three-star general, and never became a four-star, is because he was an extraordinarily rational thinker. I think he must have been a nuisance in the military at a time when irrationality dominated.
Mr. Endo gave up his weapons and became a farmer after the war, and when the Kenpo Yogo Kokumin Rengo (Society of the Citizens’ Union for the Protection of the Peace Constitution) was formed, he joined the movement because of his belief that we must never again take up arms. I believe the Chinese side recognized such actions by Mr. Endo. They invited him, and he brought a group of former high-ranking officers to visit China. However, many of them were still stuck in a war mentality and would even use words like “Chink” while they were in China. Realizing things must change, Mr. Endo gathered former career military men in 1961 and created the Veterans for Japan-China Friendship.
Initially, 30 people became members. Almost all were career military men. It was an organization of former soldiers—all officers that were not drafted. Even when I joined, for example, the bylines of the journal articles would say, “Endo Saburo, 26th Class of the Army Academy.” When I thought they’d stopped listing names like that, I noticed they would put a parenthetical at the end such as “(26th Class, Army Academy).” I joined in 1980 and began editing the publications in ’85 or ’86, so I suggested we do away with the practice, arguing that Navy or Army is irrelevant in this day and age, and we finally stopped.
Mr. Endo’s leadership was the main reason why our group did not splinter during the Cultural Revolution. Mr. Endo visited China in ’66 when the Cultural Revolution began, and witnessed the insanity on the ground. He would say, “Don’t get caught up in all this. Just wait and see. This will definitely pass,” and he quietly waited.
Mr. Endo passed away in 1984, and then the Tiananmen Square incident happened. The People’s Liberation Army pointed its guns at the people. The debate raged on whether they were worthy of the name, “People’s Liberation Army.” Some insisted, in the spirit of Mr. Endo, that we should “wait and see,” but some still left the group.
The biggest challenge for our group—what could be called a “directional challenge”—was that of acknowledging history. Japan-China relations had already been normalized, and a friendship had been established as well. Voices began to emerge in the group saying, “Maybe we shouldn’t dig up the past and apologize.” In other words, to shelve the issue of acknowledging history and “look ahead to the future.” But, I really think this is a mistake. The victims may say, “It’s OK, let’s move on,” but that is not for the perpetrators to say. So, these were some of the controversies we had.
We now have about 120 members and about 40 of them are veterans. Of those veterans, even the youngest of those who were at the Army Cadet School is 78 years old.
We will have our 50th anniversary in 2011. We hope to pass the torch to our successors at that general convention, and we veterans will stay on as special members to continue telling our stories. At that time, we will change our name to “Japan-China Friendship Society of August 15th.” August 15, 1945 is the most significant moment in Japanese history. It is the day that we began to reflect on losing a war of aggression and the creation of our peace constitution. We want to take this to heart and pass it on to our children and our grandchildren. On that day, we would also like Mr. Takahashi and the members of Uketsugu Kai to come and talk about the importance of passing down these stories.
Developing Successors
Inokuma
We started as Pacifist Soldiers, but now civilians who have not experienced war can become members, so we’ve since changed our name to Pacifist Soldiers and Civilians. We were founded in January 1988. Veterans who were writing letters to Asahi Shimbun got together to start the group. Mr. Shiro Oishi was at the center. Mr. Oishi was in the mountains of the Philippines when we lost the war, and he still has shrapnel in his body. He is a Christian who attended seminary after the war and became a minister. There were 8 members at first, but at our peak we had about 300 members. Now there are about 140, half of whom are veterans. But they are quickly passing away.
The main purpose for founding Pacifist Veterans is to tell of the horrors of war. As the very few surviving witnesses who together experienced a living hell, our role is to tell the following generations how that war began, how inhumane war is, and how countless citizens became victims of a surrender delayed by the personal egos of the state leadership—to be living witnesses of history.
We also established our philosophy. First is to resolve international disputes peacefully through discussion. Second is to seek world peace in the spirit of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan. Third is to oppose all policies and ideologies that oppose a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Since we were founded in 1988, our statement is flawed in the sense that it does not touch on the issue of responsibility for the war, but since it is a historical document, we have chosen not to modify it. Instead, we work on that issue through guidelines for our movements.
Initially, our membership kept growing. We invited experts to speak at our monthly meetings and learned about the issue of war responsibility and why the war began. Now, it has evolved into a “pacifist university” that meets four times a year. In the Tokai branch, we have a pacifist assembly three times a year in Nagoya. Additionally, we issue statements from time to time with respect to social issues. Recently, we petitioned against the Iraq Special Measures Law. When our members were young and energetic, we did a lot with the four veterans’ organizations. When the war in Iraq started, we demonstrated in Shibuya, Tokyo.
However, even our organization cannot avoid aging. The biggest challenge we face is how to grow civilian membership and continue our movement without lowering the banner of pacifism. As for soldiers who experienced fighting, I—a former boy draftee—am the only one left. There is a soldier one year younger than me, but he never fought on the battlefield. Every day, I think about how to develop successors who will continue to talk about the true face of war.
Stories to Pass Down
Kaneko
Veterans’ groups are also dissolving all over Japan. In the short term, we must consider how to engage those veterans. They have no place to tell their stories from the war. They can’t talk with their family members who don’t know war. For a veteran who only had his veteran group, there are probably no places for him to talk about his experiences in the war.
Inokuma
Many former enlisted men especially want to talk about their war experience. But there is no place for that. When the Senjo Taiken Hoei Hozon no Kai reaches out to them, a great number of veterans assemble. Overall, there are too few opportunities for telling our stories. The challenge is how to increase such opportunities. We are sorry for participating in a war of aggression and clearly stand for pacifism, but how do we talk about that in a way that reaches people?
Takahashi
When you say there are fewer opportunities, do you mean that the number of requests for speaking have diminished, as opposed to the number of story-tellers diminishing?
Inokuma
Yes. There is a loss of interest. There are many who still want to tell their stories, but there are fewer and fewer places to tell them.
Takahashi
In terms of having a passion for preserving accounts of that war and knowing a certain amount of history, younger people might actually be easier to reach with our stories. Chukiren has the image of a group of witnesses, but some members have never told their war stories after returning to Japan. It’s truly difficult to talk about the brutal reality of war. It’s not like reminiscing. We murdered people. Brutality was particularly rampant on the China front where we fought. When we tell that to the youth of today, what kind or reaction will they have? It’s not just Chukiren. There are many who hesitate in the face of social prejudices and pressures, never able to talk about the reality of war.
Some young members of Uketsugu Kai sent out heart-felt letters saying they wanted to interview the Chukiren members who had never told their stories. After being visited by these youths, one such member has now started to actively tell his story. At the time, he was concerned that the Peace Constitution might be amended because someone glorifying the war became prime minister. These young people approached him when he was wondering what he could do, and that is why he was able to climb past the wall that had confined him in the past.
Still, telling young people that you were a perpetrator is very difficult. But, if we don’t talk about it, we cannot speak of the reality of war—of the horror of war which turns ordinary people into perpetrators of crime.
Kaneko
Here’s a recent example. I talked about killing a Chinese person with my bayonet—I had not previously talked about it, but I felt it was important. But, they said, “stop the camera” just for that section. Still, ordinary soldiers are beginning to tell their stories. I think more are feeling how limited the time left in their lives is and want to tell their stories rather than carry them to their graves.
Inokuma
Some young people from the Senjo Taiken Hoei Hozon no Kai are going around recording war stories on a video camera. By war stories, I mean the battlefield experiences of soldiers who were sent out to war as weapons of murder by order of the state. War stories are about to disappear. The powers-that-be are waiting for that to happen. Now, above all, we must preserve these war stories. If many war stories are compiled, I think we will have that much more material for objectively learning about war. Telling one’s war story is also a catalyst for an individual to reflect on war himself.
Exchanges with China
Kaneko
Other than telling our stories, our group, Veterans, also publishes a monthly magazine, August 15. We also give lectures and have continued to invite Chinese students over the years. When we were all still working, we had money, so we would invite one to three students a year, and they would stay at members’ homes. They would attend Waseda University to study, and we would pay their tuition. When we were working, we were able to raise funds through donations, but that has become difficult, as we have grown older.
Now, we invite a young member of the China Association for International Friendly Contact who is studying Japanese for a stay of about three weeks. If we had the financial resources, we would do more…
Takahashi
Veterans has invited a lot of talented people from China to study here. Some of them have become top diplomats at the Chinese Embassy in Japan. How many students have you invited so far?
Kaneko
About 40. We also send a delegation every year to visit China. About 10 members visit each time for roughly two weeks. The longest stay was about a month. They travel from Beijing to Inner Mongolia to Dunhuang. The Chinese have very warmly welcomed us.
Takahashi
That indicates how much the Chinese recognize the accomplishments of the Veterans group. Veterans really cherishes the friendship and exchange between Japan and China. We, too, have continued various efforts to better understand the feelings of the Chinese, who are the victims. Now, former staff of the re-education camp and many other Chinese welcome us as “old friends.” I am very grateful for that.
Kaneko
Based on our founding declaration, I believe we must learn not only about China, but also about the various countries on the Malay Peninsula as well as the Philippines—all of which were invaded by Japan.
To Recognize History
—Veterans groups gather every year on July 7 to commemorate the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. In Japan, August 15th is the major date for commemorating the war, along with August 6 and August 9. On the other hand, July 7 and September 18 (the Liutiaogou or Manchurian Incident) are hardly remembered.
Inokuma
Everyone knows about August15. But many have no idea how the Second Sino-Japanese war began. Our wars all began with the war with China.
Takahashi
Since Japan started the Liutiaogou Incident, created “Manchuria” and carried out a 15 year-long war of aggression in China, September18, 1931 is a very important date to the Chinese. July 7, 1937 is also an important date as it was the date when all-out war started between Japan and China. We should also recognize these dates which are anniversaries of our starting that war, along with August 15, when the war ended.
—How did you come to acknowledge this history?
Inokuma
It took me a good 10 years to develop a clear understanding that the war in which I had participated was a war of aggression. It’s a very difficult thing to admit I was in a war of aggression. Unlike the students deployed to war, I enlisted—of my own will—to join the war believing it was a just war. A man wants his youth to be a beautiful one. To admit you were complicit in a war of aggression is to reject your own youth.
A person doesn’t just wake up one day and start thinking that way. For me, one catalyst was, as I mentioned before, being sent away by my former school when I returned to Japan. I started wondering, “What was that war they so fervently sent me out on?” I did not do any so-called bad thing at the front. I never killed anybody, and I never visited the “comfort stations.” Yet, why was being a boy enlistee such negative baggage for finding a job upon my return? Then, I started wondering why the government hadn’t investigated into the death of my brother who died in the Tokkotai—that was another catalyst.
It’s true, I hadn’t done anything wrong. However, I did participate in a war of aggression as a member of the Japanese military. That military invaded another country and inflicted suffering on the people there—it took me 10 years to admit that I was a part of that very military.
Kaneko
Since I studied at the Army Academy, I had very strong militaristic ideas. When I came home in the beginning of September, 1945 black markets were everywhere and I saw homeless children. I had no idea what I should do. I figured I should go to school. Since my father in Tokyo was a public official, he was barely eking out a living himself because of the purge of former government staff by the occupying forces. He said “I’ll help you go to school, but I can’t help you with private schools—they’re too expensive.” Hence, I went to what is now called an old-system high school. There, a classmate told me about the Communist Manifesto. I was 18 at the time. It wouldn’t have been possible to even see such a book during the war. I knew if I got caught, people would call me “pinko,” but I started studying Marx and Lenin from that time on. When I returned from the war, the existence of the Emperor was not even in my consciousness—I could only think of what was right in front of me. My criticism of the Imperial monarchy began about a year after I started school.
Takahashi
I had assimilated into the framework of a wartime society, however reluctantly—because of the fundamental ideology centered on the Emperor. However, in our six years of re-education at Fushun we began thinking for ourselves, and became able to recognize the war from an ideologically objective point of view.
Unlike us, you were never forcibly put in prison. You struggled on your own in a free society, transcending the pain of rejecting your past and aspiring to peace and pacifism.
Inokuma
Whenever you bump up against something, you have to think for yourself, or you won’t get anywhere. Take my brother who died in the Tokkotai—there is a school of thought that Japan’s defeat was delayed because of the Tokkotai. That is a very painful thought for a family member. But, there again, one must start thinking.
Kaneko
I went to college after taking the transfer exam in November of 1945. At the time we were pejoratively called solten. Sol from the German soldat for soldier, and ten from the Japanese tenko for converted. Since there were only three or four veterans in a class of 30, we got together to figure out what to do. I said we should study hard and beat them academically or start a student movement to get back at them. It took about a year for them to stop using that slur against us.
Inokuma
As I read books, I could understand the war of aggression in my mind, but I couldn’t accept the thought that I was complicit in it. Then, I read books by Watanabe Kiyoshi such as The End of Battleship Musashi. A boy soldier himself, he became the foremost critic of the Imperial monarchy in Japan. That was the biggest and most decisive influence for me.
Takahashi
So, you, too, had a specific catalyst. For me, reading the writings of Mao Zedong in the camps, learning how to look at society and history, and becoming free from the bondage of the Imperial cult was a big starting point. But, I continued to read a lot of books even after I returned to Japan.
The camp experience greatly varied form person to person. I think there are a variety of reasons for rejecting one’s past. There is something different between a person who has committed serious crimes in war and someone, like myself, who has no such experience. Whatever the case, the war criminals camp treated us war criminals as human beings and educated us to become decent human beings again. I think this was due to Zhou Enlai’s wisdom and foresight, as well as a political example towards the international community. Whatever the reasons, the fact is that we were able to face the feelings of the victims through our humane treatment in camp, and we were able to recover a human heart which had been lost in that war. We have worked towards peace and friendship for the last half-century, cherishing that heart—this too, is a fact.
Reason Immovable by the Times
Sixty years have passed since the end of the war. In the struggle between war and peace all over the world, Japan has somehow managed to stay away from war. However, such a position is becoming increasingly tenuous with developments such as the deployment of the Self Defense Force to Iraq. In closing, please give us your thoughts on the issue of peace and war.
Inokuma
These days, I am beginning to feel that circumstances similar to those preceding that war are being created without people being aware of it. Things that would not have been permissible are brazenly being pushed forward in the Diet. At the root of this is the problem of the disappearance of war stories—losing the memory of war. Our constitution today was founded on the horror of war. Article 9 of our constitution is the product of the grief, hatred and suffering of countless citizens in that war. I would like people to think of such suffering and grief as they support the movement to protect Article 9.
In the 15 year war, over 420,000 boy soldiers were sent out to fight. I pray that young people today will have a youth not of war, but of peace, rich and full.
Kaneko
Veterans has worked toward disarmament since our founding—to never take up weapons again. Protecting Article 9 is vital. Citizens must create movements to unseat incumbents in the Diet who would change Article 9. The force to protect Article 9 must become stronger as well. Although Veterans mostly conducts study groups, I would like to create a movement, widely recruiting citizens as Uketsugu Kai is doing.
Takahashi
Article 9 is the most pressing concern, but I think the problem is the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, placed above Article 9. I think we must widely discuss the issue of the subjugation of Article 9 to the Security Treaty.
I would like to encourage young people to study. In particular, to have a solid historical understanding of modern and contemporary history—at the heart of which is that war. Please have a clear awareness of the reality of war. Study widely, without preconceptions, learn the facts, and become a human being that will not be easily swayed. Develop the ability to scientifically analyze social conditions. Even amidst Emperor-centered nationalism and militarism, there once were a handful of such people of reason. I hope the youth of the future will have such reason. In this confused society, acquire the ability to discern facts and debate each other so you may develop your own person.
Note on the Translator
Linda Hoaglund recently produced a documentary film about Kamikaze pilots who survived the war, Wings of Defeat.
This article appeared in Sekai (World), September, 2008 and was posted at Japan Focus on November 18.
Recommended citation: Takahashi Tetsuro, Kaneko Kotaro, and Inokuma Tokuro, “Fighting for Peace After War: Japanese War Veterans recall the war and their peace activism after repatriation.” Translated by Linda Hoaglund. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus Vol. 47-2-08, November 18, 2008.
| Recalling Japanese POWs’ Life in Fushun |
| In November 1951, Wen Jiuda, an assistant at the Shenyang-based China Medical University, was informed by the university that he would be transferred to a “special place” to begin a new job.The special place, it turned out later, was the War Criminals’ Management Center in Fushun, northeast China’s Liaoning Province. His new job was to provide medical services to the Japanese prisoners of war locked up there.It was an era when obeying the orders of authorities was regarded as one of the most important virtues, and Wen did so, though unwillingly.New jobs
After the end of World War II, many Japanese units captured by Soviet troops were locked up in the prison of war camp in Khabarovsk, located in the far eastern region of the former Soviet Union. In 1950, China and the Soviet Union agreed that some of the Japanese accused war criminals should be extradited to China. These criminals, irrespective of rank, were all accused of committing serious crimes in violation of international law and humanitarian principles. The highest level Japanese official amongst them was Takebe Robuzo, who served as the general affairs department of the state council of the puppet Manchuria (Northeast China) in 1940-45. The place chosen to imprison the Japanese, ironically, was built by the Japanese themselves when they ran Manchuria as a puppet state in the 1930s. Omura Shinobu, a former warden of the prison, himself became one of the accused. It was then that Wen and some of the country’s best medical staff six physicians, one surgeon, one dentist, three apothecaries and 11 nurses were summoned to Fushun, about an hour’s drive away from Shenyang, the provincial capital. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937-45), some of Wen’s relatives and close friends were affected, which added to his hatred of the “Japanese Devils.” Like Wen, all the other medical workers and the employees of the management centre, were reluctant to begin their new jobs. Wang Xing, also a warden, had a more sufficient reason to hate the Japanese. All seven other members of his family were slaughtered during the war. But his superior ordered him not to beat or abuse the Japanese. He was even required to speak kindly to them. “We had to bury such hatred deeply in our minds because the policy of the management centre was treating the Japanese war criminals in a humanitarian way, and restoring their human nature through education,” Wen recalled. At the beginning, most people could not understand the policy. Some acted wilfully, like children, to express their indignation. The chef added sand into their rice, and the barbers intentionally made ugly haircuts. These acts were soon strictly forbidden. “We were told to hate the crime but not the person,” Wen said. “It was militarism that should take the blame. The war criminals should still be respected.” Sticking to that principle, the Chinese treated war criminals in a humanitarian way, or even better. Sometimes they were treated like guests. The alleged criminals’ recipe included eggs and meat, which were scarce in China at that time. While the Chinese custodians could only eat coarse grains, the Japanese were served finely grained wheat flour and rice. Because of that, according to Zhao Yuying, then a nurse at the management centre, some of the Japanese even suffered from a lack of vitamin B contained in grain husks. To tackle that problem, the chefs baked bread with mixed flour. The management centre also organized various cultural activities. The criminals were encouraged to sing, to dance, and to act in dramas. They were also allowed to play games including go and mahjong. They were also encouraged to attend sports activities. A sports meet was held every month. On holidays, the management centre also organized field trips to machine plants, parks and universities, Wen said. The prisoners also enjoyed freedom to a large extent. They were allowed to go out for exercise for 30 minutes in the morning and evening. Wen, later promoted to be head of the management center’s clinic, together with his colleagues, conducted thorough medical examinations of the nearly 1,000 accused war criminals and established medical records on them. Every time a criminal fell ill, he would get timely treatment. For those serious illnesses that the prison clinic could not treat, the patients would be immediately sent to big hospitals in Shenyang, Wen said. Changing attitudes The attitudes of the accused Japanese war criminals were gradually changing. Tominaga Shozo, a former detainee, recorded the changes in his memoir. Before their arrival in Fushun, rumors had been spreading that the Chinese, to whom they were alleged to have done so many unpardonable atrocities, would kill them all. Even after they settled down in the management centre, the fear of death still lingered. “The treatment we received was so polite that it almost seemed as if they were scared of us,” Shozo wrote. “Maybe they were going to treat us gently, then kill us suddenly.” He later found that was not the case. “They ignored our defiant attitude like willows before the wind. They never shouted at us or kicked us. When someone fell ill, they came to take care of him, even in the middle of the night We began to realize that human beings should be treated this way and began to reflect on our treatment of Chinese during the war,” he wrote. The Chinese custodians also sensed the change clearly. “At first they were very arrogant,” Wen recalled. “In response, I was on high alert against them. Every time I saw a patient, in the event he made a surprise attack on me, I always adopted a pose that could easily deliver a counterpunch. “Gradually they developed respect for us. Every time we met, they would bow down.” Most importantly, the Japanese began to admit the crimes they had committed and feel remorse over them. The hardened minds of the Japanese warriors, who at first claimed that they came to China to “maintain public order” and were acting “upon the order of the Mikado,” gradually melted. The process, Wen said, was like a miracle. Tai Hisajiro had been infected with syphilis before he was jailed. The management centre authority decided to treat him “no matter how much money it would cost.” After Hisajiro was cured, he was deeply moved. He wept, Wen said, saying that he was sorry to have committed so many atrocities against the Chinese. Wen said most of the war prisoners, from generals to soldiers, changed their attitudes after a few years. Far-reaching influence In June 1956, the special military tribunal of the Supreme People’s Court began trials of the war prisoners. Forty-five of them were indicted. The others were exempted from being sued and released. For those who were sentenced, the most serious punishment was 20 years’ imprisonment. “There was enough evidence for conviction, but the Japanese prisoners had already shown clear signs of repentance and had admitted their guilt,” Wen said. After they returned to Japan, many of the former war criminals formed an organization called the China Returnees’ Association in 1956. The association’s members told the public about the atrocities they had done in China so that their actions would not be forgotten. They also tried efforts to promote friendship between China and Japan. Kumagai Kiyoshi, a member of the China Returnees’ Association, created many oil paintings featuring his life in Fushun. The paintings were donated to the management centre in 1987 after an exhibition tour across Japan. The association was disbanded in 2002 because most of its members had passed away and those who were still alive were at a senile age. On the same day the China Returnees’ Association was disbanded, a new organization called the Fushun’s Miracles Inheritance Association was established in Tokyo, whose major goal is to keep the memories of the war alive so that the history would never be repeated. The organization now has more than 400 members, most of whom are young people. Wen Jiuda said he came to understand that the policies the management centre adopted had great foresight. “They had far-reaching influence even today,” he said. “We aroused the humanity in those Japanese veterans, and now they are on our side.” (China Daily August 25, 2005) |
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